Transport protocol refers to a set of rules and procedures that govern the transmission of data between two network devices. The following are some of the key elements of transport protocol:
Segmentation and Reassembly: Transport protocols divide large amounts of data into smaller packets for transmission across the network. These packets are then reassembled at the receiving end to form the original message.
Error Control: Transport protocols employ techniques to ensure that data is transmitted accurately and without errors. These techniques include error detection, error correction, and retransmission of lost packets.
Flow Control: Transport protocols regulate the rate of data transmission to prevent network congestion. Flow control ensures that the sender does not overwhelm the receiver with too much data at once.
Congestion Control: Transport protocols monitor network traffic and adjust transmission rates to avoid congestion. Congestion control helps prevent packet loss and ensures efficient use of network resources.
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing: Transport protocols support the simultaneous transmission of multiple data streams between network devices. Multiplexing allows multiple streams to share the same network connection, while demultiplexing separates the individual streams at the receiving end.
Connection Management: Transport protocols establish and manage connections between network devices. Connection management includes establishing a connection, maintaining the connection, and terminating the connection.
Quality of Service: Transport protocols support the prioritization of data traffic based on its importance. Quality of service (QoS) ensures that critical data, such as video or voice traffic, is given priority over less important data to ensure a smooth and uninterrupted user experience.
The transport layer provides communication services to the upper layers using a set of standardized communication primitives or functions. These primitives define the communication interface between the transport layer and the upper layers.
Both TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) use communication primitives in the transport layer.
The common primitives used in the transport layer for both TCP and UDP are:
SEND: This primitive is used by the upper layer to send data to the transport layer for transmission to the destination.
RECEIVE: This primitive is used by the upper layer to receive data from the transport layer that has been received from the network.
CONNECT: This primitive is used by the upper layer to establish a connection with the destination node in order to exchange data.
DISCONNECT: This primitive is used by the upper layer to terminate the connection with the destination node.
STATUS: This primitive is used by the upper layer to obtain information about the status of the connection or the transport layer.
In addition to these primitives, TCP and UDP have some specific primitives as well.
TCP specific primitives:
ACCEPT: This primitive is used by the server to accept a connection request from a client.
LISTEN: This primitive is used by the server to wait for incoming connection requests.
CLOSE: This primitive is used by the sender to close the connection after all data has been transmitted.
UDP specific primitives:
- NONE: UDP does not use any specific primitives other than the common ones mentioned above.
In summary, the transport layer uses a set of standardized communication primitives to provide services to the upper layers. The common primitives used in the transport layer for both TCP and UDP are SEND, RECEIVE, CONNECT, DISCONNECT, and STATUS. TCP has some additional primitives such as ACCEPT, LISTEN, and CLOSE, while UDP does not have any specific primitives other than the common ones.
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